Normal Beam inspection in ultrasonic inspection

NORMAL BEAM INSPECTION:- Pulse -echo ultrasonic measurement can determine the location of a discontinuity in a part or structure by accurately measuring the time required for a short ultrasonic pulse generated by a transducer to travel through a thickness of material, reflect from the back or the surface of a discontinuity, and be returned to the transducer. In most applications, this time interval is a few microseconds or less. The two-way transit time measured is divided by two to account for the down-and-back travel path and multiplied by the velocity of sound in the test material. The result is expressed in the well-known relationship.
     d=vt/2 or v=2d/t
Where d is the distance from the surface to the discontinuity in the test piece, v is the velocity of sound waves in the material, and t is the measured round-trip time.

Precision ultrasonic thickness gages usually operate at frequencies between 500kHz and 100MHz, by means of piezoelectric transducer that generate bursts of sound waves when excited by electrical pulses. A wide variety of transducer with various acoustic characteristics have been developed to meet the needs of industrial applications. Typically, lower frequencies are used to optimize penetration when measuring thick, highly attenuating or highly scattering materials, while higher frequencies will be recommended to optimize resolution in thinner, non - attenuating, non - scattering materials. 

what is Electricity?

Electricity is a form of energy that comes from the movement of electrons. Electrons are negatively charged particles that are found in atoms, which make up all matter. When electrons move from one atom to another, they create an electrical current. This electrical current can be harnessed and used to power various devices and machines. Electricity can be generated from different sources, including fossil fuels, wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear power. It plays a significant role in modern society, powering everything from homes and businesses to transportation and communication systems.

How many types of current 

There are two types of current. The first is AC (alternating current), the second is DC (direct current). Here, alternating current is called alternate current in English, and direct current is called direct current in English. The SI unit of electricity is the ampere. The flow of electrons in a circuit is called current. Electric current is the flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, through an electrical conductor or space.

what is computer excel program?

Microsoft Excel is a computer program developed by Microsoft Corporation for creating and manipulating spreadsheets. It is a part of the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software, and is widely used in business, financial analysis, science and engineering, and other fields that require data organization and analysis. Excel allows users to enter, edit, and format data in cells, create charts and graphs, and perform calculations using built-in formulas and functions.

How can use this?

To use Microsoft Excel, you will first need to have the software installed on your computer. Once you have installed Excel, you can follow these basic steps:

Open Excel and create a new workbook or open an existing one.

Enter your data into the cells of the worksheet.

Format the data using font styles, colors, borders, and alignment tools.

Calculate results by using pre-built functions or by creating your own formulas.

Create charts and graphs to visualize your data.

Save your workbook frequently.

Print your worksheet to share with others.

Use other advanced features such as pivot tables, macros, and add-ins to enhance your analysis.

Microsoft Excel provides many tools and resources to help you learn how to use the software effectively. These include tutorials, help menus, and online resources, such as Microsoft Office support articles and forums. By practicing and exploring the various features of Excel, you can become proficient in using the software for your specific needs.

what is a computer ?

A computer is an electronic device that can process, store, retrieve, and transmit data. It can perform various tasks and instructions based on the software installed in it. The computer consists of hardware components like the central processing unit (CPU), memory, hard drive, monitor, keyboard, and mouse and software components like operating system, applications, and programs. The computer has revolutionized the way we work, learn, communicate, and entertain ourselves, making our lives more convenient and productive.

The basic parts without which a computer cannot work are.

1)  Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is the brain of the computer that performs all the calculations and instructions

2)  Random Access Memory (RAM): It is a temporary memory that stores the data and instructions for the CPU to access quickly.

3) Storage: It is a device that stores data permanently, such as a hard drive or solid-state drive.

4) Motherboard: It is the main circuit board that connects all the components of the computer.

5) Power Supply Unit (PSU): It provides power to all the components in the computer.

6)  Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): It is responsible for the display of images and videos on the computer monitor

7)  Input and Output Devices: These include a keyboard, mouse, monitor, and speakers that allow users to input data and receive output from the computer

.All these components need to work together to ensure the proper functioning of a computer.