CALIBRATION METHODS IN ULTRASONIC INSPECTION.

Calibration refers to the act of evaluating and adjusting the precision and accuracy of measurement equipment. In ultrasonic testing, several forms of calibration must occur. First, the electronics of the equipment must be calibrated to ensure that they are performing as designed. This operation is usually performed by the equipment manufacturer and will not be discussed further in this material. It is also usually necessary for the operator to perform a user calibration of the equipment. This user calibration is necessary because most ultrasonic equipment can be reconfigure for use in a large variety of applications. The user must calibration the system which includes the equipment settings, the transducer, and the test setup, to validate that the desired level of precision and accuracy are achieved. The term calibration standard is usually  only used when an absolute value is measured and in many cases,the standards are traceable back to standards at the national institute for standards and technology.
In ultrasonic testing, there is also a need for reference standards. Reference standards are used to establish a general level of consistency in measurements and to help interpret and quantity the information contained in the received signal. Reference standards are used to validate that the equipment and the setup provide similar results from one day to the next and that similar results are produced by different systems. Reference standards also help the inspector to estimate the size of flaws. In a pulse-echo type setup, signal strength depends on both the size of the flaw and the distance between the flaw and the transducer. The inspector can use a reference standard with an artificially induced flaw of known size and at approximately the same distance away for the transducer to produce a signal.

what is a computer ?

A computer is an electronic device that can process, store, retrieve, and transmit data. It can perform various tasks and instructions based on the software installed in it. The computer consists of hardware components like the central processing unit (CPU), memory, hard drive, monitor, keyboard, and mouse and software components like operating system, applications, and programs. The computer has revolutionized the way we work, learn, communicate, and entertain ourselves, making our lives more convenient and productive.

The basic parts without which a computer cannot work are.

1)  Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is the brain of the computer that performs all the calculations and instructions

2)  Random Access Memory (RAM): It is a temporary memory that stores the data and instructions for the CPU to access quickly.

3) Storage: It is a device that stores data permanently, such as a hard drive or solid-state drive.

4) Motherboard: It is the main circuit board that connects all the components of the computer.

5) Power Supply Unit (PSU): It provides power to all the components in the computer.

6)  Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): It is responsible for the display of images and videos on the computer monitor

7)  Input and Output Devices: These include a keyboard, mouse, monitor, and speakers that allow users to input data and receive output from the computer

.All these components need to work together to ensure the proper functioning of a computer.